AD 2016-14-01

We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for certain Airbus Model A330-200 Freighter series airplanes; Model A330-200 and A330-300 series airplanes; Model A340-200 and A340-300 series airplanes; Model A340-500 series airplanes; and Model A340-600 series airplanes. This AD was prompted by a report indicating that, during an operational test of a ram air turbine (RAT), the RAT did not deploy in automatic mode. This AD requires identification of the manufacturer, part number, and serial number of the RAT, and re-identification and modification of the RAT if necessary. We are issuing this AD to prevent non-deployment of the RAT, which, if preceded by a total engine flame- out, or during a total loss of normal electrical power generation, could result in reduced control of the airplane.

Final rule.

Adoption of the Amendment

Accordingly, under the authority delegated to me by the Administrator, the FAA amends 14 CFR part 39 as follows:

PART 39--AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES

0 1. The authority citation for part 39 continues to read as follows:

Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701.

Sec. 39.13 [Amended]

0 2. The FAA amends Sec. 39.13 by adding the following new airworthiness directive (AD):

2016-14-01 Airbus: Amendment 39-18582. Docket No. FAA-2016-3983; Directorate Identifier 2015-NM-009-AD.

(a) Effective Date

This AD is effective August 16, 2016.

(b) Affected ADs

This AD affects the ADs specified in paragraphs (b)(1), (b)(2), and (b)(3) of this AD.
(1) AD 2012-21-19, Amendment 39-17235 (77 FR 65812, October 31, 2012) (``AD 2012-21-19'').
(2) AD 2012-21-20, Amendment 39-17236 (77 FR 65799, October 31, 2012) (``AD 2012-21-20'').
(3) AD 2016-04-01, Amendment 39-18395 (81 FR 8134, February 18, 2016) (``AD 2016-04-01'').

(c) Applicability

This AD applies to the airplanes identified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (c)(7) of this AD, certificated in any category.
(1) Airbus Model A330-223F and -243F airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers; except those on which Airbus Modification 204067 has been embodied in production.
(2) Airbus Model A330-201, -202, -203, -223, and -243 airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers; except those on which Airbus Modification 204067 has been embodied in production.
(3) Airbus Model A330-301, -302, -303, -321, -322, -323,- 341, - 342, and -343 airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers; except those on which Airbus Modification 204067 has been embodied in production.
(4) Airbus Model A340-211, -212, and -213, airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers.
(5) Airbus Model A340-311, -312, and -313 airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers.
(6) Airbus Model A340-541 airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers.

[[Page 44986]]

(7) Airbus Model A340-642 airplanes, all manufacturer serial numbers.

(d) Subject

Air Transport Association (ATA) of America Code 29, Hydraulic Power.

(e) Reason

This AD was prompted by a report indicating that, during an operational test of a ram air turbine (RAT), the RAT did not deploy in automatic mode. We are issuing this AD to prevent non-deployment of the RAT, which, if preceded by a total engine flame-out, or during a total loss of normal electrical power generation, could result in reduced control of the airplane.

(f) Compliance

Comply with this AD within the compliance times specified, unless already done.

(g) Identification and Replacement for Certain Airbus Model A330, and A340-200 and -300 Airplanes

For Airbus Model A330-200 Freighter series airplanes, Model A330-200 and -300 series airplanes, and Model A340-200 and -300 series airplanes: Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, identify the supplier, part number, and serial number of the installed RAT actuator, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014; or Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014; as applicable.
(1) If the supplier identified is Arkwin Industries, and the identified RAT actuator part number and serial number are listed in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015, and the serial number is included in table 2 of Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015, with a description of ``correctly shimmed'': Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, re-identify the actuator and the RAT, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014; or Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014; as applicable.
(2) If the supplier identified is Arkwin Industries, and the identified actuator RAT part number and serial number are listed in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015, and the serial number is included in table 2 of Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015, with a description of ``incorrectly shimmed'': Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, remove the actuator from the RAT, install a modified actuator, and re-identify the RAT, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014; or Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014; as applicable.
(3) If the supplier identified is Arkwin Industries, and the identification plate for the RAT actuator is missing, or the part number and serial number are not listed in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015: Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, remove the actuator from the RAT, install a modified actuator, and re-identify the RAT, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014; or Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014; as applicable.

(h) Identification and Replacement for Certain Airbus Model A340-500 and -600 Airplanes

For Airbus Model A340-500 and -600 airplanes: Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, identify the part number and serial number of the installed RAT actuator, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.
(1) If the identified RAT actuator part number and serial number are listed in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014, and the serial number is included in table 2 of Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014, with a description of ``correctly shimmed'': Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, re-identifythe actuator and the RAT, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.
(2) If the identified RAT actuator part number and serial number are listed in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014, and the serial number is included in table 2 of Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014, with a description of ``incorrectly shimmed'': Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, remove the actuator from the RAT, install a modified actuator, and re-identify the RAT, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.
(3) If the identification plate for the RAT actuator is missing, or the part number and serial number are not listed in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014: Within 30 months after the effective date of this AD, remove the actuator from the RAT, install a modified actuator, and re-identify the RAT, in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.

(i) Terminating Action for Certain Requirements of Other ADs

(1) For Airbus Model A330-200 Freighter, A330-200, and A330-300 series airplanes; and Model A340-200 and -300 series airplanes: Accomplishment of the actions required by paragraph (g)(1), (g)(2), or (g)(3) of this AD constitutes compliance with the requirements of paragraph (g)(1) of AD 2012-21-19, paragraph (g) of AD 2012-21-20, and paragraphs (g), (h), and (i) of AD 2016-04-01, for that airplane only.
(2) For Airbus Model A340-500 and -600 series airplanes: Accomplishment of the actions required by paragraphs (h)(1), (h)(2), and (h)(3) of this AD constitutes compliance with the requirements of paragraphs (h)(1) and (h)(2) of AD 2012-21-20, and paragraph (j) of 2016-04-01, for that airplane only.

(j) Parts Installation Limitations

As of theeffective date of this AD, no person may install any RAT actuator or any RAT having a part number identified in table 1 to paragraph (j) of this AD on any airplane, unless it meets the conditions specified in paragraph (j)(1) or (j)(2) of this AD, as applicable.

Table 1 to Paragraph (j) of This AD--Affected Part Numbers ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Affected Airbus airplane
models RAT part No. RAT actuator part No. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Model A330-200 and -300 1720934C, 5912958, 5915768
series airplanes. 1720934D,
766351A,
768084A,
770379A,
770952C,
770952D,
770952E. Model A330-200 Freighter 1720934C, 5912958, 5915768
series airplanes. 1720934D,
766351A,
768084A,
770379A,
770952C,
770952D,
770952E. Model A340-200 and -300 1720934C, 5912958, 5915768
series airplanes. 1720934D,
766351A,
768084A,
770379A,
770952C,
770952D,
770952E. Model A340-500 and -600 772722H, 5912536, 5915769
series airplanes. 772722J,
772722L. ------------------------------------------------------------------------

(1) For Airbus Model A330-200 Freighter series airplanes; Model A330-200, and A330-300 series airplanes; and Model A340-200 and -300 series airplanes: The RAT actuator or RAT has a serial number listed as affected and modified in Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015, and the RAT has been re-identified in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014; or Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014.
(2) For Airbus Model A340-500 and -600 series airplanes: The RAT actuator or the RAT has a serial number listed as affected and modified in Hamilton Sundstrand[[Page 44987]]

Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014, and the RAT has been re-identified in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.

(k) Credit for Previous Actions

(1) This paragraph provides credit for the RAT and RAT actuator identification specified in paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), and (g)(3) of this AD if that identification was performed before the effective date of this AD using Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M- 29-21, dated May 27, 2014, which is not incorporated by reference in this AD.
(2) This paragraph provides credit for the RAT or RAT actuator identification and modification specified in paragraph (j)(1) of this AD, if those actions were performed before the effective date of this AD using Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, dated May 27, 2014, which is not incorporated by reference in this AD.

(l) Other FAA AD Provisions

The following provisions also apply to this AD:
(1) Alternative Methods of Compliance (AMOCs): The Manager, International Branch, ANM-116, Transport Airplane Directorate, FAA, has the authority to approve AMOCs for this AD, if requested using the procedures found in 14 CFR 39.19. In accordance with 14 CFR 39.19, send your request to your principal inspector or local Flight Standards District Office, as appropriate. If sending information directly to the International Branch, send it to ATTN: Vladimir Ulyanov, Aerospace Engineer, International Branch, ANM-116, Transport Airplane Directorate, FAA, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA 98057-3356; telephone 425-227-1138; fax 425-227-1149. Information may be emailed to: 9-ANM-116-AMOC-REQUESTS@faa.gov. Before using any approved AMOC, notify your appropriate principal inspector, or lacking a principal inspector, the manager of the local flight standards district office/certificate holding district office. The AMOC approval letter must specifically referencethis AD.
(2) Contacting the Manufacturer: For any requirement in this AD to obtain corrective actions from a manufacturer, the action must be accomplished using a method approved by the Manager, International Branch, ANM-116, Transport Airplane Directorate, FAA; or the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA); or Airbus's EASA Design Organization Approval (DOA). If approved by the DOA, the approval must include the DOA-authorized signature.
(3) Required for Compliance (RC): If any Airbus service information contains procedures or tests that are identified as RC, those procedures and tests must be done to comply with this AD; any procedures or tests that are not identified as RC are recommended. Those procedures and tests that are not identified as RC may be deviated from using accepted methods in accordance with the operator's maintenance or inspection program without obtaining approval of an AMOC, provided the procedures and tests identified as RC can be done and the airplane canbe put back in an airworthy condition. Any substitutions or changes to procedures or tests identified as RC require approval of an AMOC.

(m) Related Information

(1) Refer to Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information (MCAI) EASA Airworthiness Directive 2015-0008, dated January 15, 2015, for related information. This MCAI may be found in the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2016-3983.
(2) Service information identified in this AD that is not incorporated by reference is available at the addresses specified in paragraphs (n)(4) and (n)(5) of this AD.

(n) Material Incorporated by Reference

(1) The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference (IBR) of the service information listed in this paragraph under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
(2) You must use this service information as applicable to do the actions required by this AD, unless this AD specifies otherwise.
(i) Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014.
(ii) Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014.
(iii) Airbus Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.
(iv) Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015.
(v) Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014.
(3) For Airbus service information identified in this AD, contact Airbus SAS, Airworthiness Office--EAL, 1 Rond Point Maurice Bellonte, 31707 Blagnac Cedex, France; telephone +33 5 61 93 36 96; fax +33 5 61 93 45 80; email airworthiness.A330-A340@airbus.com; Internet http://www.airbus.com.
(4) For Hamilton Sundstrand service information identified in this AD, contact Hamilton Sundstrand, Technical Publications, Mail Stop 302-9, 4747 Harrison Avenue, P.O. Box 7002, Rockford, IL 61125- 7002; telephone 860-654-3575; fax 860-998-4564; email tech.solutions@hs.utc.com; Internet http://www.hamiltonsundstrand.com.(5) You may view this service information at the FAA, Transport Airplane Directorate, 1601 Lind Avenue SW., Renton, WA. For information on the availability of this material at the FAA, call 425-227-1221.
(6) You may view this service information that is incorporated by reference at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.

Discussion

We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR part 39 by adding an AD that would apply to certain Airbus Model A330- 200 Freighter series airplanes; Model A330-200 and A330-300 series airplanes; Model A340-200 and A340-300 series airplanes; Model A340-500 series airplanes; and Model A340-600 series airplanes. The NPRM published in the Federal Register on March 1, 2016 (81 FR 10545) (``the NPRM'').
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which is the Technical Agent for the Member States of the European Union, has issued EASA Airworthiness Directive 2015-0008, dated January 15, 2015 (referred to after this as the Mandatory Continuing Airworthiness Information, or ``the MCAI''), to correct an unsafe condition for certain Airbus Model A330-200 Freighter series airplanes; Model A330-200, and A330-

[[Page 44984]]

300 series airplanes; Model A340-200, and A340-300 series airplanes; Model A340-500 series airplanes; and Model A340-600 series airplanes. The MCAI states:

During a scheduled Ram Air Turbine (RAT) operational test on an A330 aeroplane, the RAT did not deploy in automatic mode. The subsequent investigation conducted by the RAT manufacturer Hamilton Sundstrand (HS) and Arkwin Industries, revealed that this failure to deploy was due to an inadequate stroke margin in the manufacturing shimming procedure of the actuator deployment solenoids.
This condition, if not corrected, could possibly result in reduced control of the aeroplane, particularly if occurring following a total engine flame out, or during a total loss of normal electrical power generation.
Prompted by this unsafe condition, Airbus issued Service Bulletin (SB) A330-29-3126, SB A340-29-4097 and SB A340-29-5025, providing instructions to identify the manufacturer, part number (P/ N) and serial number (s/n) of the RAT actuator, and to modify the shimming procedure for the affected RAT actuator.
For the reasons described above, this [EASA] AD requires identification of the affected RAT actuators and, depending on its configuration (modified or not), the accomplishment of applicable corrective actions [modifying the RAT actuator. Additional actions include re-identifying the RAT actuator part number and RAT part number, as applicable].

You may examine the MCAI in the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2016- 3983.

Comments

We gave the public the opportunity to participate in developing this AD. The following presents the comments received on the NPRM and the FAA's response to each comment.

Request To Change Requirement From Modify To Replace

Delta Airlines (DAL) requested that the requirement to modify the RAT actuator in paragraphs (g)(2) and (g)(3) of the proposed AD be changed from ``modify the RAT actuator'' to ``replace the RAT actuator.'' DAL stated that operators cannot ensure that the removed RAT actuator would be modified by the RAT manufacturer by the compliance time specified in the proposed AD.
We agree to provide clarification regarding the requirement to modify the RAT actuator, but we do not agree with the commenter's request to change ``modify'' to ``replace.'' The modification procedures described in the Accomplishment Instructions of the Airbus service information specified in paragraphs (g)(2), (g)(3), (h)(2), and (h)(3) of this AD include more than just a modification. The modification procedures in the Airbus service information state to (1) remove the actuator from the RAT, (2) send the removed actuator to Hamilton Sundstrand, and (3) install the modified actuator on the RAT and re-identify the part number.
We also agree that operators do not have control over how long it would take Hamilton Sundstrand to modify the actuator, or if the modification could be completed prior to the applicable compliance times in this AD. Therefore, we have revised paragraphs (g)(2), (g)(3), (h)(2), and (h)(3) of this AD by removing the word ``modify'' and replacing it with ``remove the actuator from the RAT, install a modified actuator, and re-identify the RAT . . . .''

Request To Include Review of Maintenance Records

DAL requested that paragraph (g) of the proposed AD be revised to include a statement that a review of airplane maintenance records is acceptable to determine the supplier, part number, and serial number of the installed RAT actuators if the supplier, part number, and serial number can be conclusively determined from that review. DAL stated that it has already modified airplanes in accordance with the Accomplishment Instructions of Airbus Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014, and it tracks the on-wing identification of these RAT components. DAL indicated that allowing operators to review airplane maintenance records to determine the supplier, part number, and serial number of the installed RAT actuators would prevent unnecessary work.
We do not agree with the commenter's request. One of the actions included in the requirement to determine the supplier, part number, and serial number of an installed RAT actuator is looking at the actuator's identification plate. An inspection of the RAT actuator is necessary to determine if the identification plate is present. Paragraphs (g)(3) and (h)(3) of this AD require certain actions if the identification plate of a RAT actuator is missing. We have not changed this AD regarding this issue.

Request To Refer To Revised Service Information

DAL requested that the references to Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, dated May 27, 2014, be changed to ERPS06M-29- 21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015. DAL noted that the revised service information updates the identification procedures for the RAT actuators, among other changes.
We agree with the commenter that all references to Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, dated May 27, 2014, should be changed to ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015, in this final rule. We have made this change in the ``Related Service Information under 1 CFR part 51'' section in the preamble and paragraphs (g)(1), (g)(2), (g)(3), and (j) of this AD. We have also included a new paragraph (k) in this AD to provide credit for actions done prior to the effective date of this AD using Hamilton Sundstrand Service Bulletin ERPS06M-29-21, dated May 27, 2014. The subsequent paragraphs have been redesignated accordingly.

Request To Change References to a Certain Related AD

DAL noted that the ``Related ADs'' section of the NPRM preamble, and paragraphs (b) and (i) of the proposed AD, referred to AD 2015-26- 02, Amendment 39-18350 (80 FR 81174, December 29, 2015) (``AD 2015-26- 02''), which was superseded by AD 2016-04-01, Amendment 39-18395 (81 FR 8134, February 18, 2016) (``AD 2016-04-01''). DAL suggested that the references to AD 2015-26-02 be removed and replaced with references to AD 2016-04-01.
We agree with the commenter's suggestion. The ``Related ADs'' section of the NPRM is not restated in this final rule, but we have revised paragraphs (b) and (i) of this AD to refer to AD 2016-04-01.

Conclusion

We reviewed the relevant data, considered the comments received, and determined that air safety and the public interest require adopting this AD with the changes described previously and minor editorial changes. We have determined that these minor changes:
Are consistent with the intent that was proposed in the NPRM for correcting the unsafe condition; and
Do not add any additional burden upon the public than was already proposed in the NPRM.
We also determined that these changes will not increase the economic burden on any operator or increase the scope of this AD.

Related Service Information Under 1 CFR Part 51

Airbus has issued the following service information, which describes procedures for identifying the supplier, part number, and serial number of the

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installed RAT actuator; modifying the RAT; and re-identifying the RAT actuator and RAT.
Service Bulletin A330-29-3126, dated June 12, 2014.
Service Bulletin A340-29-4097, dated June 12, 2014.
Service Bulletin A340-29-5025, dated June 16, 2014.
Hamilton Sundstrand has issued Service Bulletins ERPS06M-29-21, Revision 1, dated April 14, 2015; and ERPS33T-29-7, dated June 6, 2014. This service information describes procedures for identifying the affected RAT actuator and RAT part numbers and serial numbers, modifying affected actuators, and re-identifying affected RAT actuators and RATs.
This service information is reasonably available because the interested parties have access to it through their normal course of business or by the means identified in the ADDRESSES section.

Costs of Compliance

We estimate that this AD affects 84 airplanes of U.S. registry.
We estimate the following coststo comply with this AD:

Estimated Costs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost per Cost on U.S.
Action Labor cost Parts cost product operators ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Identification.................. 1 work-hour x $85 per None................... $85 $7,140
hour = $85. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

We estimate the following costs to do any necessary replacements that will be required based on the results of the required inspection. We have no way of determining the number of airplanes that might need these replacements:

On-Condition Costs ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cost per
Action Labor cost Parts cost product ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Removal/installation/ re-identification....... 14 work-hours x $85 per hour = $427,301 $428,491
$1,190. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Authority for This Rulemaking

Title 49 of the United States Code specifies the FAA's authority to issue rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, section 106, describes the authority of the FAA Administrator. ``Subtitle VII: Aviation Programs,'' describes in more detail the scope of the Agency's authority.
We are issuing this rulemaking under the authority described in ``Subtitle VII, Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: General requirements.'' Under that section, Congress charges the FAA with promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing regulations for practices, methods, and procedures the Administrator finds necessary for safety in air commerce. This regulation is within the scope of that authority because it addresses an unsafe condition that is likely to exist or develop on products identified in this rulemaking action.

Regulatory Findings

We determined that this AD will not have federalism implications under Executive Order 13132. This AD will not have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the relationship between the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
For the reasons discussed above, I certify that this AD:
1. Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive Order 12866;
2. Is not a ``significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979);
3. Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska; and
4. Will not have a significant economic impact, positive or negative, on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39

Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Incorporation by reference, Safety.